Friday, May 21, 2010

Underground Hip-hop - Mickey Boston - CHESS

Chess Video Shoot - That so-called "Behind the Scenes" Look

To begin, Behind the Scenes itself was a 1908 film directed by D.W. Griffith...but...nah, we don't really care about that right now...this is about that Mickey Boston, Big Brosky clip shot at the beginning of May 2010, right?

You are Correct.

I am actually pleased to commercial that this was my FULL self-directed video and was a lot of work? In all sincerity, yes and no...I jacked the chairs off McGill University's Leacock building, but the truth of the matter was, I asked some porter dude, but he wasnt really the Leacock porter...I borrowed the chairs and gave em back--nothing more to it than that...

One thing that had me stoked, as my man Rough Draft would say, was getting in touch with Toly from 21production, here have a look yourself and see how nice that feels:

http://www.21production.com/index2.html

I really like this part on his site:

I worked in film for five years on the west coast was in a smash and grab and was drugged at a club, ended up in the hospital. I make art house films - Toly A.K. I keep the burnin, along with the few friends on this thin raft- one cries a river-the other burns of fire

In essence...I was just pleased to meet the man and we spoke in the heat over some strawberries while my man Tuthree (and director of photography) was parking the ride with all the supplies in there...

The chess board itself came from Mr. Weyes who was actually in Mexico while archival footage was a pleasure to work, especially working the reels...Sam Jamous came down alongside fellow hip-hop brother in rhyme Mad Gab, the el-Gabacho...

we got rolling, the rest was history…

Natural you say?

Gabacho wasnt nervous, he just looked in the camera a couple times he told me...I find no sweat in that, we can do the Merlin stuff in post-production...

He bopped his head to the beat, we played Chess in the heat...

Downtown Montreal is gorgeous in May and I had to take it to Jacques Austerlitz...

Yes, Indeed people...this was undeniably another extension of my musical activism in the form of Chess which highlighted nothing more than an attempt to not just look fly in a clip, yeah I always do that, but to bring out what was to be a witty underpinning of how specific leaders, after the adoption of heavy industrial killing machinery in the modern world, had lead their nations to notorious destruction.

The opening scene of the novel Austerlitz, with its curious intertwining of human and animal experiences, in a Nocturama-like railway station, struck me as really powerful yet odd, and informed my entire reading thereafter.

I read the novel when I did my Master's and felt its sheer brilliance...

In Austerlitz, author W. G. Sebald performed what was to be a small but significant miracle: a wresting of the Holocaust out of the clutches of stale cliche. You see, this author highlights this by means of never ever showing readers a death camp or a gas chamber.

In the video for Chess on the other hand, the footage just doesnt stop in context of destruction--not only is it visible on the chess board but also in the entire clip itself.

Instead, Sebald's novel concentrates on the wreckage of one man's life. Orphaned as a young boy during the Nazi occupation of Prague, Jacques Austerlitz devotes the rest of his life to finding out who he really is and what happened to his parents, and all the while he is haunted by the feeling that he is living a borrowed life.

The significant issue for Sebald is not memory in an overall generic sense, however, but the point at which the cost of not remembering supersedes protective strategies for survival, the moment later in life when early, often horrific repressed knowledge or experience move center stage in a person's life.

Displaced from both his home and his identity in the early part of the Second World War, Jacques Austerlitz is one of Sebald's loners or outsiders, who late in life is driven to interpret fragmented dreams, suppressed memories, recreate his past--to essentially recover himself.

Sebald's introduction of the character of Jacques Austerlitz as one of the creatures in the waiting room, dwarf species looking miniaturized (6-7), definitely inscribes Austerlitz in an animal reign.

Almost at the other end of the book, Austerlitz recalls his wanderings in the Jardin des Plantes with Marie de Verneuil: Marie particularly asked me to take a photograph of this beautiful group [of fallow deer], and as she did so, said Austerlitz, she said something which I have never forgotten, she said that captive animals and we ourselves, their human counterparts, view one another à travers une brèche dincompréhension. (264) The sentence captures this incomprehension, as its movement takes us from one instance, human or animal, to the other, but always keeping them isolated between commas.

Tyrannies, governments and regimes alongside their distinct leaders have, in some form or fashion in large part, used and exploited the lives of peasants or the bourgeois populace.

There is much that I wanted to capture in one clip and the particular presence of the little girl between the chess players was salient to the message I was trying to capture and get across to my audience. The child herself is a little Iranian girl and my statement here was verging towards the conceit of the nation of Iran itself--will specific nations of this world play Iran like they did during the Iran-Iraq War

The Iranian child between the two chess players is the garden of innocence, she symbolizes all the children who have died in contemporary wars around the world. The corrupt fail to care about how individuals are dying and how they are exploited like pawns on a chess board.

Despite the fact that the clip is laden with death and sadistic images, my direction of the clip was to also bring images of the Argentinian-born revolutionary, Dr. Che Guevera to the fore.

Geuvera has been popularized within the confines of our contemporary popular culture, however, despite the givens his ambition and drive for equality for peasants was utterly undeniable. His stand for all South Americans and indegenous populaces lead him to his great passing, as he left behind a legacy larger than any Bolivian mountain.

To close, I just want to thank Sam Jamous, Toly, el Gabacho, Queen Misriyaa, Michael Sabah and TuThree (Director of Photography) for without you this project would not have been possible :)

Wednesday, May 12, 2010

Banksy Exploited by a Self-Consumed Kangaroo Thierry Guetta?








"This is the first time the essentially bourgeois world of art has belonged to the people. We need to make it count."

-Banksy

While a dark silhouetted hoodie-sported Zorro in Banksy speaks candidly towards a rather stable camera lens, the world of art may perhaps be rendered unstable once again by wack phonies of the likes of a wannabe spray-can–wielding Thierry Guetta.

From Exit Through the Giftshop's opening narration one can immediately spot the imposter like that kid in your schoolyard who always wanted to role with the Big Broskies. Big Broskies, you know, those real-deal authentic cats in the school yard who knew how to keep it real and set the recess trends while followers of the likes of kangaroo Thierry would snoop around in the foreground wishing they'd get all the girls the real bad boys got.

Thierry is by far no film-maker. He is by far no artist, eh...mayhaps lemme second that one...he is a failed master at the art of exploitation and manipulation. I lay emphasis in Italics on the 'failed' part since he is quite transparent and by far no master of illusion.

Personally I myself cant believe anyone would even allude to Thierry as an artist let alone blow 24G's on his mass printed junk...and i quote Banksy on this one:

"As far as I’m aware, Mr. Brainwash doesn’t know very much about art, especially his own. He seems to mainly judge the success of an art show by how many square feet it covers and whether it makes any money. This probably makes him the ultimate artist of our times."

Connnnnnn-Artist You Proclaim?

Thierry is by far disturbed. He verily does undeniably suffer a severe narcissism-something...and no please dont tell me that bringing a Cambell's Soup can and making it a spraycan is any for or fashion of an art revival from the Warhol days...why? Because it simply is NOT. Indeed, undeniably this is “the first great art-disaster movie.” Personally, I noted that audiences were more poised on hearing more about Banksy than Thierry, instead it ended up being "The Thierry Show"--an aspect which had me hoping as I stormed out the theatre hoping the money did NOT go in Thierry's pocket.

My admiration for Banksy only increased upon reading:

"The film is the end of my public life rather than the beginning. This is the most you’ll ever see of me, if I can help it."

The only question remains: was Banksy used by Thierry? Were the other artists of the likes of good 'ole cousin Space Invader and Shepard Fairey exploited?

Does Kangaroo Thierry hop on the money and only care about himself and his image and possess the desire to be loved? Is he a big baby wanting the attention and the glamour? Indeed, friends, Theirry is a Glamour whore.

I do leave you with one question posed to Banksy by wired.com:

"Your work explores power, tests power and is therefore revolutionary, encouraging people to subvert the powers that be. Mr. Brainwash kind of did this to you. He looked at the power structure around him (Banksy and Fairey) and exploited it for his own ends. Does that make him a student — or a con man?"

Monday, May 10, 2010

The new Pimped-out Goldman Sachs - Putin' some Bling in your Urban Skyline.




The building consists of a slab-shaped tower, which contains the firm’s offices, atop a much bulkier base, which contains six trading floors, each big enough to house nearly a thousand employees. From most angles, the tower looks rectilinear, except on the west, facing the Hudson River, where it bows out in a long, graceful curve. The firm insisted that the trading floors be as open as possible, so the architects used trusses to reduce the number of columns and pushed the elevators all the way to the north end of the building instead of running them up through the middle. The result is a lobby as large as an airport terminal, and, if you enter at the south end, an airport-like walk to the elevator. The lobby is austere, with plain limestone walls and no flourishes, but, to relieve the tedium of the long walk, Goldman commissioned two impressive abstract murals—an urgent and frenetic composition by Julie Mehretu, on the east side, and a blotchy and colorful one, by Franz Ackermann, on the west. Large windows allow a glimpse of the murals from the street, but this is as much of the building as the public will ever see. Goldman’s culture of secrecy has certainly saved it from offensive, Trump-style ostentation. By the same token, however, the building, unlike New York’s most admired business temples, will never mean much to people who don’t work in it.

and i guess buildings dont entirely mean anything to some however in my case i do marvell at them from time to time...The new headquarters is architecture as a well-tailored suit. From a distance, the building looks utterly unexceptional, but as you get closer your eye picks up signs of quality—the drape, as it were, and the stitching. Cobb’s façade of clear, colorless glass and bands of shiny steel is completely flat, and this two-dimensionality might have been dull were it not for the subtle shift of proportions in the quiet plaid pattern of the steel grid as it ascends. By the time you are close enough to touch this architectural garment, you can tell that a lot of money has been spent.

And so I could only see this as a global trend in contemporary engineering, you got buildings like this in Dubai n' shit, na mean?

Democracy and le New Middle-East



When asked to comment about Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Condoleezza Rice, the US Secretary of State, said, What were seeing here is the birth pangs of a new Middle East.[1] How wonderful! When more than a thousand Lebanese people are slaughtered in cold-blood and another million forced to flee from their homes, while their homes and businesses and everything that they care about and is important for them to survive is savagely and brutally destroyed with US-supplied arms and ammunitions and handouts, the person who is the face of America in diplomatic circles audaciously says it is the birth-pang of a new Middle East. What does one know about birth pangs when one never became a mother and has been using condoms as a fornicator all her adult life? So, when Madam
Condi Rice talks about birth pangs of a new Middle East, I dont know what would be more appropriate: blame her for superficial knowledge or monumental hypocrisy. Unfortunately, shallow knowledge no matter how dangerous - is no handicap these days to become an expert or mouthpiece as long as the all-powerful Israel lobby is agreeable.

Its not too long ago that in his second inauguration, January 20, 2005,
President Bush hypocritically preached that his administration would stand with all the freedom loving nations of the world, especially in the Middle East. In that speech, he also said, America will not impose our own style of government on the unwilling. Our goal is to help others find their own voice, attain their own freedom, and make their own way. Talk is cheap, and can be misleading, when it comes from the mouth of a lying hypocrite. So, as I had feared (see my analysis of the speech), Bush delivered just the opposite of his promise.[2] His administration did not want Dr. Ibrahim al-Jafri to become the Prime Minister, in spite of the fact that Jafri was the clear choice of the plurality of the Iraqi people. It did not matter what the Iraqi people, and its Shiite majority in particular, had decided or wanted; once again it had to be someone that Washington wanted. Yet the same Nouri al-Maliki when he condemned Israels criminal, brutal and murderous campaign in Lebanon, Washington and its Israeli Amen Corner were irate that their good candidate did not quite sing the
Masters voice. After all, out of 435 votes, only 8 Congressmen had the guts not to be partners in Israels crimes against humanity. So, when al-Maliki was to appear in the Capitol Hill, many senators and congressmen threatened not to show up during his speech unless he retracted his condemnation of Israel. What a travesty of democracy and naked demonstration of support for the pariah state!

There was also the parliament election in Hosni Mobaraks Egypt in which Ikhwan Muslimeen, the largest opposition party, was allowed to compete. We witnessed how the supporters of Ikhwan were stopped from voting in scores of polling stations. Remember Bushs inauguration speech? He said, We will encourage reform in other governments by making clear that success in our relations will require decent treatment of their own people. Once again, the Bush administration failed to rein upon Mobarak from his maneuvers since it knew that in a fair election, Ikhwan would be the sure winner. In spite of all the neo-Pharaonic tricks in Mobaraks long sleeves, Ikhwan proved its grass-root support by winning 88 seats.

Then came the election in the Occupied Palestine. All efforts were made by the Bush administration and its rampart Israel to make sure that Hamas could not win the election. These backstabbing and demonical activities were in clear contrast to Bushs rhetoric when he had promised, All who live in tyranny and hopelessness can know: the United States will not ignore your oppression, or excuse your oppressors. When you stand for your liberty, we will stand with you. Who can deny that Palestinians living in the Israeli Occupied Territories are the victims of one of the most brutal, oppressive, tyrannical, racist and dehumanizing regimes on earth? Yet, far from removing oppression, Bush administration is the very force that adds, cultivates and sustains the worst forms of pains and sufferings of the oppressed Palestinian people. While all aid to Palestine is cut off, it rolls out billions of dollars to the Zionist state so that the latter could unilaterally annex more parts of Palestine and imprison the Palestinians in small Bantustans. Through its naked support of Israeli violations of human rights, the Bush administration has essentially become the aggressor and oppressor. Nor has it come to relieve oppression anywhere, not
even in the SPDC-run Burma (Myanmar), with its own record of horrific abuses and tortures against the Rohingya and other ethnic minorities.

The Palestinian people had seen enough of Bushs empty promises (since 2000) and corruption within the old guards of Abu Mazens PLO administration. So, in a vote revolt, they preferred the Hamas overwhelmingly. The election result must have felt like an earthquake of Richter scale 7 or higher to Bush. In obvious contrast to the despicable standard that Bush had set for himself (still believed by many to have stolen the election of 2000), Hamas did something unusual. It opted to share power with the losing Fattah, in spite of the overwhelming mandate to form the government on its own. It was a well-meaning gesture rarely seen in most parts of our world. However, the losers, in a mood of defiance and short-sightedness that was welcomed by Washington, chose not to form the coalition government.

Remember again that deceitful speech of Bush when he said, It is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture? When Arafats PLO was in office, Bush administration was highly critical, alleging lack of democracy, and preaching an overhaul of the Palestinian administration. However, when the Hamas came to power, with its train of honest legislators, every criminal effort from mass starvation to indiscriminate bombing (that has already killed some 124 Palestinian civilians) has since been practiced by the rogue Israeli government with lucid approval from her western patrons, most notably the USA, to forcibly bring it down. In clear violation of international laws, Israel has invaded Gaza, stopped the flow of cash and goods, and made the entire Occupied Territories a modern-day Concentration Camp. These children of ghetto-dwellers
of Europe really learned the art of inflicting major pains on their victims
rather well! As if these were not enough of her crimes against humanity, lately, Olmerts terrorist government has opened another new chapter of pariah statehood by kidnapping government ministers and members of the Palestinian Parliament. No harsh rebuke for such acts of infamy has yet come from Condi and her boss. As a matter of fact, they are the most enthusiastic cheerleaders for war crimes of Israel. What a dastardly demonstration of Bushs vision for democracy and liberty!

It was also not too long that Lebanon had her Cedar Revolution that forced the Syrian forces out of Lebanon and elected the independent government of Fuad Siniora. As a legitimate political party with its broad appeal and grass-root support in the southern Lebanon, Hizbullah participated in that election and consequently joined the government. One may recall that before Israels latest invasion, Lebanon was touted as one of the success stories of Bush Doctrine. Soon after becoming Prime Minster, Siniora visited Washington D.C. and pleaded with Bush to press Israel to release kidnapped Lebanese citizens and to disclose information on mine fields in the southern strip from her earlier occupation. But the plea from the elected Prime Minister of the democratic nation of Lebanon met deaf ears. What a betrayal of trust by Bush Administration!

The rogue state of Israel has been violating air, water and ground sovereignty of Lebanon for decades. In any other part of the world, such routine violations would be construed as declarations of war, ushering in condemnation from the UN Security Council. But when it comes to the terrorist state - Israel, the veto-wielding mother states of the UN are absurdly cool. It is, after all, their illicit, bastard-like monstrous creation! To chastise it would be unthinkable!

It was not a question why but when the pirates of Israel would be caught by Hizbullah border security forces. But when that time came on July 12 with the capture of two Israeli soldiers when they moved inside Lebanon, the same Bush Administration that had hitherto kept mum during scores of violations of international laws by the pariah state became preposterously vocal in denouncing the capture. A massive media blitzkrieg was launched by the Olmert-Bush governments, their supporters in the Amen Corner and neocon foot-soldiers to pinpoint the origin of the current crisis to this particular event and blame it all upon Hizbullah, Syria and Iran. With one stone, they want to kill all three birds, making the region subservient to Israel. After all, the latter two countries had dared not to join the Bush-wagon of emasculated Middle Eastern nations! Forgotten also were the facts concerning kidnapping of thousands of Palestinian and Lebanese civilians that have been languishing in Israeli prisons for years.

There are now ample proofs to suggest that Israeli invasion had nothing to do with those captured soldiers.[3] It was hatched up by the Bush-Olmert
administrations months before the capture. So, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) commit gruesome massacre of civilians in Lebanon; destroy its infrastructure from airports to seaports, bridges and roads, hospitals, schools and orphanages; bomb Lebanese residential areas and Palestinian refugee camps (let alone Lebanese Army barracks); and the civilized world cries out foul against Israeli aggression, brutality and savagery, Condi and Bush are shamelessly all smiles and openly justify Israeli war crimes. No guilt, no sorrow! How sadistic and immoral!

In a clear display of demonic cruelty, the USA even voted against a UN
resolution that called for condemnation of Israeli invasion. Hoping that Israel would match her 1967 (6-day) victory against the poorly armed Hizbullah resistance fighters, the USA initially vetoed all efforts to bring about a ceasefire. These unpardonable and criminal actions are sad reminders of how the NATO let the genocide of unarmed Bosnians to continue for months in the 1990s before saying enough is enough when the tides of the war started shifting in favor of Bosnian Muslims.

And now that the war is dragging on for four weeks, with no signs of quick IDF victory over the Hizbullah in sight, a UN Draft Resolution, scripted by Tel Aviv-Jerusalem/Washington, has been put forth by the USA and France. This sham proposal, while appearing to call for cessation of all hostilities, is blatantly one-sided in favor of Israel and against Lebanon. It does not call for withdrawal of Israeli invading forces from the Arab-cleansed occupied territories. This would once again allow the Zionist state to fulfill its expansionist dream of retaining territories all the way to the Litani River.[4] No consideration has been given to the genuine grievances and concerns of the victims of aggression the Lebanese people and its government, nor of the Arab League. Their rightful call for simultaneous cessation of hostilities and withdrawal of invading troops with rapid deployment of Lebanese Armed Forces to the blue line separating the Zionist state from Lebanon is simply overlooked by the modern-day warlords, masquerading as neutral arbiters, while they are not. What a charade! The UN is once again exploited to further punish the victims and
reward the culprits.

Through the invasion of Lebanon, Israeli warlords have shown that their hatred of Arabs is more than their love for their own children. The sheer brazenness of this operation and the American complicity to let this mayhem continue shows that the axis of evil seems to run through the administrative centers of the USA to Israel via UK.

Truly, nothing really surprises me with Bush and his gang any more. When
millions of people suffer from atrocities and brutalities of Israel inside
Lebanon and the Occupied Palestine, only an insane, or a homicidal
serial-killer, or a demon-possessed evil criminal can take delight from such war crimes. No time in my life have I witnessed a world leader to be this
disgusting, criminal, insane, evil and hypocritical!

My grief comes from the fact that I was one of those who wanted to believe in lies of compassionate conservatism and hoped that our world would become a better place to share. It did not take me long to see through this deception, but it was too late. I self-incriminate myself for casting my vote to elect a demon in 2000. What could be more saddening than this thought?


[1] Bush out of touch with Mideast vision by Trudy Rubin, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 30, 2006, C.1.

[2] Bushs Pledge for Liberty: Global Crusade or High Sounding Rhetoric? by Habib Siddiqui for an analysis of Bushs 2nd inauguration speech.

[3] Interview of Professor Ilan Pappe, Haifa University, by Ali Cimen, Zaman Online, August 7, 2006.

[4] See this authors Lebanon and its bloody history up to 1983, and Israels latest invasion of Lebanon and western culpability for details on Zionist expansionist plan.

Sunday, May 9, 2010

Gaza Doctor Izzeldin Abuelaish Speaks at McGill

Gaza Doctor Izzeldin Abuelaish Speaks at McGill

I was pleased that McGill University had invited Dr. Izzeldin Abuelaish to speak and the room in itself was full. For those who don't know, Dr. Izzeldin Abuelaish is a doctor from Gaza who lost three daughters in the Israel/Hamas war Jan. 2009. Dr. Abuelaish is a remarkable public figure in my view due to his ability to transcend personal tragedy, a tragedy that without denying, inspires the search for harmony and peace, rather than hatred and revenge.

In essence, the Palestinian doctor has devoted his life to reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians and is now struggling to hold on to the humane philosophy that has guided his life.

His speech was moving and heart-warming at times. His nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize is a monumental stature and reflects the nature of what human beings can achieve in the face of tribulation, loss and adversity.

I first heard about Dr. Izzeldin Abuelaish when everyone else did. As he was being interviewed live, in Hebrew, on Israeli television describing the conditions inside Gaza in the midst of the last war, the news came in that an Israeli tank shell had landed on his home and killed his three daughters. It happened at 3:05 p.m. on Jan. 16, 2009.

The link below is a web-site dedicated to the message of Dr. Izzeldin Abuelaish and the legacy left behind by his late daughters.

http://www.daughtersforlife.com/


Dr. Izzeldin Abuelaish lecture and book signing at McGill University May 6, 2010 at 7:00 pm

Saturday, May 8, 2010

Pilaf, paella and pulao - how a rice dish conquered the world



Pilaf, paella and pulao - how a rice dish conquered the world
A dope article sent to me by the Chef himself, my friend and brother, Omar Edris...yes, yes :)
The old Persian Empire was at one time the largest empire of the ancient world. Geographically, modern Iran is only a shadow of those former glories, yet the Persians left a clear influence on the cultures of many nations in Europe, North Africa and Asia. One notable aspect is culinary, and a prime example of this is the pilaf, a dish that probably originated in ancient Persia but now exists in various forms all over the world. In its most basic form, pilaf is rice, often cooked in stock, and often combined with spices, meats and vegetables. Some of its descendants - India's biryani, Spain's paella, the plov of Central Asia - are some of the most popular of those respective cuisines.

While rice had been grown in East Asia and India for thousands of years, the Persians only began cultivating it on a large scale sometime between 1000 BC-500 BC. Around this time, some enterprising Persian invented the first pilaf. It is quite possible that the technique is actually from India, which had a longer history of eating rice; but in any case the name that stuck was Persian.

Polo or polow, as it is called in modern Farsi, is one of the flagship dishes in Iranian cuisine. Usually containing lamb or chicken and often featuring dried fruits and nuts, it comes in many varieties. Butter and saffron are commonly used to flavour the rice, which must be basmati or another top-quality variety. Zereshk polow (pictured) is a well-known variation which features chicken and dried barberries.

With the Persian Empire extending deeply into Central Asia, pilaf was introduced there as well. It had become a common enough dish to be recorded as being served to Alexander the Great of Macedonia when his armies conquered Persia around 330 BC, and they introduced the dish, now called
pilafi, to Greece upon their return. Today, plov is a dish of enormous cultural significance in Uzbekistan, Azerbaijian and surrounding countries, essential at weddings and other celebrations. It is now consumed as far east as Xinjiang province in Western China. Carrots are a very common addition in Central Asia, with mutton being the usual meat used. One of Afghanistan's national dishes,qabuli pulao, uses grated carrots, raisins, lamb, aromatic spices, almonds and of course basmati rice.

The dish was reintroduced to Europe by the Turks. Originally a Central Asian people, they began their move into what is modern-day Turkey around 1000 AD, and by the 17th Century the Ottoman Empire extended as far as Algeria, Somalia and Central Europe. The Ottomans are also credited with introducing coffee into Europe, while that quintessential Austrian dessert strudel is based on the Turkish filo pastry. While the Turks still make their pilavfrom rice, bulgur wheat is a very common substitute (pictured). Today, pilaf is a common method of preparing rice throughout Greece, the Balkans, Bulgaria and Romania, a legacy of Turkish rule in the region. While it was probably already familiar to the Greeks from the days of Alexander, this would have been reinforced by the Turks for whom pilaf has always been a quintessential dish.

The Indian subcontinent was constantly under the rule of invaders from the northwest, and in particular the Mughal Empire (1526-1827), originating in Persia, had a profound effect on Indian cuisine. Famous North Indian dishes like korma, paneer and kebabs are legacies of this era. And of course pilaf, or pulaoas it is known in India. An elaborate variation of pulao is the well-known dish biryani, which is pulao rice layered with meat, vegetables, dried fruits and nuts. Indians make the spiciest variation of pilaf, as might be expected, yet the spices used tend to recall the dish's Persian origins - cardamom and saffron in particular. One of the most renowned variations is the Hyderabadi Dum Biryani (pictured), in which the flavours of South India meet strong Mughlai influences.

The dish made it as far south as Sri Lanka, where it is called pilau, while biryani is a much-loved dish there as well as in Mauritius, brought by Indian migrants.

The Arabs were quick to pick up the art of cooking flavoured rice from the Persians, and the rise of Islam meant that they spread their culture and cuisine far and wide. In Indonesia, a dish callednasi kebuli (pictured) is a legacy of Arab trade in the region and is commonly prepared by restauranteurs with Arab descent. Despite using obviously SE Asian ingredients such as lemon grass and sometimes coconut milk along with meat (goat or chicken) and rice, it also uses clarified butter and spices such as cinnamon, cumin, cloves and cardamom which are typical of Middle-Eastern cooking but not of Indonesian; indeed, its name translates as "Kabul rice".

The spread of Islam across North, East and West Africa also brought culinary ideas with it. Senegal's national dishthieboudienne (rice cooked with fish, onions and tomatoes) and the similar joloff rice (pictured) of Nigeria and Ghana, bear witness to Arabic influence in West Africa. Pilau is also a very common dish in the East African countries of Kenya and Tanzania. While the name and similarity to Indian pulao may lead one to suspect this is a dish introduced by the many Indian immigrants to those countries, it appears to be a Swahili dish that predates the Indian presence in Africa. The Swahili culture is a fusion of East African cultures with that of the Persians and Arabs who traded up and down the coast from the 6th Century AD. The Somali people, themselves heavily influenced by the Arabs, also frequently consume a rice-and-meat dish called isku dhex-karis, spiced with cardamom and frequently with raisins.


Meanwhile, along Africa's northern coast, the Moors (Arab and Berber peoples) conquered Spain and introduced rice into the Spanish diet. From this resulting fusion of cultures, the dish known as paella was born in Valencia. Despite the etymological similarity of the words paella andpolow/pulao/pilaf this is perhaps only a coincidence. Most sources point to the word paella stemming from the name of the pan in which it is cooked, which is also called a paella (from the Latin patella). In any case, the dish itself (rice cooked in stock with meat or seafood with vegetables) clearly recalls its distant Persian origins, particularly with the presence of saffron as an essential ingredient.

The Spanish spread their rice dishes to the corners of the globe. Thus the Philippines has its own variations of paella, while in Latin America,
arroz con pollo (rice with chicken) is ubiquitous. These dishes tend to eschew saffron for the cheaper spice annatto, but the result is still to dye the dish yellow, just like in Spain, India or Somalia. The name of another common Latin American rice dish is a reminder yet again of the Arab influence on Spanish cooking - Moros y Cristianos (Moors and Christians), with white rice representing the Christian Spaniards and black or red beans representing the darker-skinned Moors. The frequent use of cumin and cilantro throughout Latin America is another reminder of the Moorish legacy in Spain - around the time of Columbus those influences would have been more pronounced.

Pilaf was to become an important part of Russian cuisine as well, due to its history of interaction with Central Asia - constantly invaded by Turkic and Mongol peoples from the 11th Century onward, then gradually expanding Russian territory southward and westward from the 16th Century onward. Thus when pilaf first became known to the chefs of Western Europe, it was as a Russian dish.

The other famous rice dish of Europe, Italy's risotto, may or may not be a descendant of the pilaf. Certainly the Arabs did occupy parts of what is now Italy, and risotto is similar to many pilafs elsewhere in its early stages of preparation - stir-frying the rice in oil with onion before adding stock is a classic pilaf method. Saffron is a key ingredient in the classic form of the dish as well. But risotto was born not in Arab-occupied Sicily, but in Northern Italy around Milan - is it possible that the region's proximity to the Ottoman-controlled Balkans gave rise to this dish? It must be said though that the somewhat sludgy consistency of risotto would be unthinkable to a Persian polow-lover, for whom the grains must be dry and separate - so it is a significantly different enough dish to call any links into question.


In any case, the results are delicious. The original polow of ancient Persia has certainly travelled a long way.